what does it mean to follow whats been done in the past judge

Official who presides over court proceedings

Estimate
Occupation
Judges at the International Court of Justice
Names	Approximate, justice, magistrate
Occupation type	Profession
Activity sectors	Police, Justice
Description
Teaching required	University degree in law and experience as a lawyer
Fields of employment	Courts
Related jobs	Barrister, prosecutor

A judge is a person who presides over court proceedings, either lone or as a role of a panel of judges. A judge hears all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the barristers or solicitors of the example, assesses the brownie and arguments of the parties, and and then problems a ruling in the case based on their interpretation of the police and their own personal judgment. A judge is expected to acquit the trial impartially and, typically, in an open court.

The powers, functions, method of date, discipline, and training of judges vary widely beyond different jurisdictions. In some jurisdictions, the judge'southward powers may be shared with a jury. In inquisitorial systems of criminal investigation, a judge might also be an examining magistrate. The presiding approximate ensures that all court proceedings are lawful and orderly.

Powers and functions [edit]

The ultimate task of a estimate is to settle a legal dispute in a final and publicly lawful fashion in understanding with substantial partialties. Judges exercise pregnant governmental ability. They can lodge police, military machine or judicial officials to execute searches, arrests, imprisonments, garnishments, detrainment, seizures, deportations and similar actions. Still, judges as well supervise that trial procedures are followed, in order to ensure consistency and impartiality and avoid arbitrariness. The powers of a estimate are checked by higher courts such equally appeals courts and supreme courts.

The court normally has 3 principal legally trained court officials: the gauge, the prosecutor and the defense force attorney. The role of a judge varies between legal systems. In an adversarial arrangement (common law), as in event in the U.S. and England, the approximate functions equally an impartial referee, mainly ensuring correct procedure, while the prosecution and the defense present their case to a jury, frequently selected from common citizens. The main factfinder is the jury, and the guess will then finalize sentencing. Still, in smaller cases judges can issue summary judgments without proceeding to a jury trial. In an inquisitorial organization (civil law), every bit in issue in continental Europe, there is no jury and the main factfinder is the estimate, who volition practice the presiding, judging and sentencing on his own. As such, the estimate is expected to apply the law straight, every bit in the French expression Le juge est la bouche de la loi ("The estimate is the oral cavity of the law"). Furthermore, in some systems even investigations may be conducted past the guess, functioning as an examining magistrate.

Judges may work lonely in smaller cases, but in criminal, family and other significant cases, they work in a panel. In some civil police systems, this console may include lay judges. Different professional judges, lay judges are non legally trained, but unlike jurors, lay judges are usually volunteers and may be politically appointed. Judges are often assisted by law clerks, referendaries and notaries in legal cases and by bailiffs or similar with security.

Requirements and appointment [edit]

There are both volunteer and professional person judges. A volunteer judge, such as an English magistrate, is non required to accept legal training and is unpaid. Whereas, a professional approximate is required to be legally educated; in the U.S., this by and large requires a degree of Juris Medico. Furthermore, significant professional experience is often required; for example, in the U.S., judges are ofttimes appointed from experienced attorneys. Judges are often appointed past the head of land. In some U.S. jurisdictions, nonetheless, judges are elected in a political election.

Impartiality is ofttimes considered of import for rule of law. Thus, in many jurisdictions judges may be appointed for life, so that they cannot be removed by the executive. Withal, in non-democratic systems, the appointment of judges may be highly politicized and they often receive instructions on how to judge, and may be removed if their conduct does non please the political leadership.

Judge as an occupation [edit]

Judges must exist able to inquiry and process all-encompassing lengths of documents, witness testimonies, and other case material, sympathize complex cases and possess a thorough agreement of the police and legal procedure, which requires excellent skills in logical reasoning, analysis and decision-making. First-class writing skills are also a necessity, given the finality and authority of the documents written. Judges piece of work with people all the time; by the nature of the chore, good dispute resolution and interpersonal skills are a necessity.^[1] Judges are required to accept expert moral character, i.due east. there must be no history of criminal offense. Professional judges often enjoy a high salary, in the U.S. the median salary of judges is $101,690 per annum,^[ane] and federal judges earn $208,000–$267,000 per annum.^[2]

Symbols of office [edit]

17th century Castilian judge in total gowns, by Velázquez.

A variety of traditions accept become associated with the rank or occupation. Gavels (a ceremonial hammer) are used by judges in many countries, to the point that the gavel has become a symbol of a judge. In many parts of the earth, judges article of clothing long robes (frequently in black or carmine) and sit on an elevated platform during trials (known as the bench).

American judges frequently wear black robes. American judges have formalism gavels, although American judges accept courtroom deputies or bailiffs and contempt of court power equally their main devices to maintain decorum in the courtroom. However, in some of the Western United States, like California, judges did non always wear robes and instead wore everyday clothing. Today, some members of land supreme courts, such as the Maryland Court of Appeals wear singled-out dress. In Italia and Portugal, both judges and lawyers wear particular black robes.

In some countries, specially in the Commonwealth of Nations, judges clothing wigs. The long wig often associated with judges is now reserved for formalism occasions, although it was office of the standard attire in previous centuries. A short wig resembling but not identical to a barrister's wig (a Bench Wig) would be worn in court. This tradition, however, is being phased out in Uk in non-criminal courts.^[3]

In Oman, the estimate wears a long stripe (red, green white), while the attorneys wear the black gown.

In Portugal and in the one-time Portuguese Empire, the judges used to carry a staff that was red for ordinary judges and white for the judges from the outside.

Titles and forms of accost [edit]

Asia [edit]

Hong Kong [edit]

In Hong Kong, courtroom proceedings are conducted in either English or Hong Kong Cantonese (a dialect of Yue Chinese). Judges of Hong Kong retain many of the English traditions such every bit wearing wigs and robes in trials.

In the lower courts, magistrates are addressed equally Your worship, and commune court judges every bit Your Honor.

In the superior courts of record, namely the Court of Final Appeal and the High Court (which consists of the Court of Entreatment and the Court of First Instance), judges are addressed as My Lord or My Lady and referred to as Your Lordship or Your Ladyship, following the English tradition.

In writing, the post-nominal letters PJ is used to refer to a permanent guess of the Court of Final Appeal and NPJ to a non-permanent guess. In the High Court, the abbreviation JA is used to announce a justice of appeal, and the letter J refers to a gauge of the Courtroom of First Example.

Masters of the High Court are addressed equally Master.

When trials are conducted in Chinese, judges were addressed, in Cantonese, as Fatty Goon Dai Yan (Hong Kong Cantonese: 法官大人, romanized: faat3 gun1 daai6 jan4 , lit.'Judge, your lordship') before the transfer of sovereignty from the U.k. to Mainland china, and as Fatty Goon Gok Ha (Hong Kong Cantonese: 法官閣下, romanized: faat3 gun1 gok3 haa6 , lit.'Guess, your honor') since 1997. Fat Goon (Hong Kong Cantonese: 法官, romanized: faat gun1 , lit.'Gauge') means the word "judge".

Bharat [edit]

These drawings were taken from life in 1758. From left to right, top row: i. Interpreter, Rhowangee Sewagee. 2. Approximate of the Hindoo Law, Antoba Crustnagee Pundit. 3. Hindoo Officer, Lellather Chatta Bhutt. From left to correct, lesser row: 4. Officer to the Mooremen, Mahmoud Ackram of the Codjee order or priesthood of the cast of Moormens. five. Judge of the Mohomedan Law, Cajee Husson. 6. Haveldar, or summoning Officeholder, Mahmound Ismael'.

In Republic of india, judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts were addressed every bit Your Lordship or My Lord and Your Ladyship or My Lady, a tradition directly attributable to England. The Bar Council of India had adopted a resolution in April 2006 and added a new Dominion 49(1)(j) in the Advocates Act. As per the dominion, lawyers can address the court equally Your Honour and refer to it as Honourable Court. If information technology is a subordinate court, lawyers can use terms such equally sir or any equivalent phrase in the regional language concerned. Explaining the rationale behind the movement, the Bar Council had held that the words such equally My Lord and Your Lordship were "relics of the colonial past". The resolution has since been circulated to all land councils and the Supreme Court for adoption but over five years now, the resolution largely remained on newspaper.

Yet, in an unprecedented move in October 2009, one of the judges of Madras HC, Justice M Chandru had banned lawyers from addressing his courtroom as My Lord and Your Lordship.

Israel [edit]

In Israel, the judges (Hebrew: שופט‬, romanized: shofét , lit.'judge') of all courts are addressed equally Sir, Madam (Hebrew: אדוני‬/גבירתי‬, romanized: adoni/geverti ) or Your Honor (Hebrew: כבודו‬/כבודה‬, romanized: kevodo/kevoda ). Typically after every naming you will hear haShofét, meaning "the estimate" after the respective address. For case, Your Honor the Judge would be כבוד השופט‬ (kevod haShofét).

Malaysia [edit]

In Malaysia, judges of the subordinate courts are addressed as Tuan or Puan ("Sir", "Madam"), or Your Honour. Judges of the superior courts are addressed as Yang Arif (lit. 'Learned One') or My Lord, My Lady, etc.; and Your Lordship or My Ladyship if the proceedings, as they mostly are in the superior courts, are in English.

Islamic republic of pakistan [edit]

In Pakistan, judges of the Supreme Court and the high courts are addressed as Your Lordship or My Lord or Lordship and Your Ladyship or My Lady, a tradition straight attributable to England. At that place is some resistance to this on religious grounds but more or less continues till this day. In lower courts, judges are addressed as sir, madam or the Urdu equivalent Janab or Judge Sahab.

Sri Lanka [edit]

In Sri Lanka, judges of virtually courts are addressed as Your Honour, yet the Chief Justice is addressed as Your Lordship. Judges of the Supreme Court and the Appeal Court receives the championship The Honourable.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Vietnam [edit]

Judges in Vietnam are addressed equally Quý tòa (literally the "Honorable Courtroom").

Europe [edit]

Bulgaria [edit]

In Bulgaria before 1989 during the communist authorities, judges were addressed equally drugarju (Bulgarian: другарю, lit.'comrade').^[4] After 1989, gospodín sŭdiya (Bulgarian: господин съдия, lit.'mister judge') or gospožo sŭdiya (Bulgarian: госпожо съдия, lit.'madam judge').

Republic of finland [edit]

There is no special course of address; ordinary politeness is sufficient and the procedure lacks cabalistic rituals. Accordingly, the chairman of the panel is addressed as herra/rouva puheenjohtaja ("Mr./Ms. Chairman"). Finnish judges use gavels, but there are no robes or cloaks used in any Finnish courts.^[5]

In a district court (käräjäoikeus), ordinary judges work with the title käräjätuomari and the chairman is laamanni (lawspeaker). They are assisted by notaries (notaari), assessors (asessori) and referendaries (viskaali) who may sometimes even chair sessions. In appeals courts (hovioikeus) an ordinary judge has the championship hovioikeudenneuvos, the chairman of a section is hovioikeudenlaamanni and the courtroom is led past a presidentti. In the Supreme Court, judges are titled oikeusneuvos and the court is led by a presidentti.

France [edit]

In France, the presiding judge of a courtroom is addressed as Monsieur le président or Madame le président, whilst associated judges are addressed equally Monsieur fifty'Assesseur or Madame fifty'Assesseur. Out of the court, judges are referred to every bit Monsieur le juge or Madame le juge.

Germany [edit]

In Germany, judges are addressed as Herr Vorsitzender or Frau Vorsitzende, which interpret as "Mister Chairman" and "Madam Chairwoman", or as Hohes Gericht, which translates as "High Court".

Republic of hungary [edit]

The male person presiding judge of a courtroom is addressed as tisztelt bíró úr, which means "Honourable Mister Guess" and a female presiding approximate is addressed as tisztelt bírónő, which means "Honourable Madam Judge". The court every bit a torso tin be addressed every bit tisztelt bíróság, which means "Honourable Court".

Republic of ireland [edit]

Judges of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, or Loftier Court are officially titled The Honourable Mr/Mrs/Ms/Miss Justice Surname (Irish: An Breitheamh Onórach Uasal [surname]), and informally referred to for short as Mr/Mrs/Ms/Miss Justice Surname. In court, they are addressed either by their respective titles or styles, as The Court (An Chúirt), or just Estimate (A Bhreithimh).^[half-dozen] In law reports, the Main Justice of Republic of ireland has the postnominal CJ, the Presidents of the other Courts have the postnominal P, and all other judges J, e.1000. Smith J.

Judges of the Circuit Court are titled His/Her Honour Guess Surname and are addressed in Court as Gauge. Earlier 2006, they were addressed equally My Lord (A thiarna) .

Judges of the District Courtroom are titled Judge Surname and addressed in Court as Judge. Before 1991 these judges were known every bit District Justices and addressed as Your Worship (d'Onóra).

Italy [edit]

In Italy, the presiding judge of a court is addressed as Signor presidente della corte.

Netherlands [edit]

In the Netherlands, presiding judges of either sexual activity are, in writing just, addressed edelachtbare ("Your Honour") for judges in the Court of Starting time Example, edelgrootachtbare ("Your Great Honour") for justices in the Court of Appeal and edelhoogachtbare ("Your High Honour") for justices in the High Council of kingdom of the netherlands (Supreme Courtroom).

Poland [edit]

In Poland, presiding judges of either sex during trial are addressed Wysoki Sądzie ("High Court").

Portugal [edit]

In Portugal, presiding judges during trial are addressed as Meretíssimo Juiz when a man or Meretíssima Juíza when a woman (meaning "Most Worthy Judge") or every bit Vossa Excelência ("Your Excellency") when not specifying gender.

Romania [edit]

In Romania, judges during trial are addressed as Onorata Instanta (Your Honor).^[7]

Russian federation [edit]

In Russia, Vasha Breast (Russian: Ваша Честь, lit.'Your Accolade') is used for criminal cases merely with the one gauge presiding.^[8] For civil, commercial and criminal cases presided over past a panel of judges the correct address is Honorable Courtroom.^[8] ^[9] ^[10]

Espana [edit]

In Spain, magistrates of the Supreme Court, magistrates and judges are addressed to every bit "Your Lordship" (Su Señoría); however, in formal occasions, magistrates of the Supreme Court are addressed to as "Your Nigh First-class Lordship" (Vuestra Señoría Excelentísima or Excelentísimo Señor/Excelentísima Señora); in those solemn occasions, magistrates of lower Courts are addressed as "Your Most Illustrious Lordship" (Vuestra Señoría Ilustrísima or Ilustrísimo Señor/Ilustrísima Señora); simple judges are always chosen "Your Lordship".

Sweden [edit]

In Sweden, the presiding judge of a court is traditionally addressed equally Herr Ordförande or Fru Ordförande, which translate as "Mister Chairman" and "Madam Chairwoman".

United Kingdom [edit]

England and Wales [edit]

In the Courts of England and Wales, Supreme Court judges are called Justices of the Supreme Court. Justices of the Supreme Court who do not agree life peerages are now given the courtesy style "Lord" or "Lady".^[11] Justices of the Supreme Court are addressed as "My Lord/Lady" in court. In the police force reports, the Justices of the Supreme Court are usually referred to as "Lord/Lady N", although the Weekly Law Reports appends the post-nominal letters "JSC" (e.one thousand. "Lady Smith JSC"). The President and Deputy President of the Court are afforded the post-nominal letters PSC and DPSC respectively. Simply experienced barristers or solicitors are ordinarily appointed as judges.

Judges of the High Courtroom and Court of Appeal are addressed (when sitting in those courts) as "My Lord" or "My Lady" and referred to as "Your Lordship" or "Your Ladyship".

Judges of the Courtroom of Entreatment, also called Lords Justice of Appeal, are referred to as "Lord Justice N" or "Lady Justice N". In legal writing, Lords Justices of Entreatment are afforded the post nominal letters "LJ": for example, Smith LJ.

When a Justice of the High Court who is not present is being referred to they are described as "Mr./Mrs./Ms. Justice Northward." In legal writing, the post-nominal letter "J" is used to announce a Justice (male person or female person) of the High Courtroom: for example, Smith J. Masters of the High Court are addressed as "Master". Insolvency and Companies Court judges in the High Court are addressed as "Approximate".

Circuit judges and recorders are addressed as "Your Honour". Circuit judges are referred to as "His/Her Award Estimate N". In writing, this title is occasionally abbreviated as "HHJ" or "HH Judge N", but not in legal writing. Commune judges and tribunal judges are addressed every bit "Sir/Madam".

Lay magistrates are sometimes still addressed as "Your Worship" in much of England. Lay magistrates are as well addressed equally "Sir/Madam".

Scotland [edit]

In the Courts of Scotland judges in the Court of Session, Loftier Courtroom of Justiciary and the sheriff courts are all addressed equally "My Lord" or "My Lady" and referred to as "Your Lordship" or "Your Ladyship".

Justices of the peace in justice of the peace courts are addressed and referred to as "Your Award".

Northern Republic of ireland [edit]

The judicial organization of Northern Ireland is very similar to that of England and Wales, and superior court judges are addressed the same mode as those in England and Wales. Yet, there are a few differences at the lower levels.

In Northern Ireland, the equivalent to a excursion judge is a county court judge, and they are addressed and titled the aforementioned fashion equally a circuit judge is in England and Wales. The senior county court judges assigned to the canton court divisions of Belfast and Derry have the titles of Recorder of Belfast and Recorder of Londonderry (or Derry) respectively, merely are addressed the same as other county courtroom judges. A district guess sitting in the County Courtroom is addressed as "Your Accolade".

A district judge (magistrates' court) is addressed as "Your Worship". A lay magistrate, in cases where they are present, is too addressed as "Your Worship", and may utilize the post-nominals "LM", e.chiliad. "John Smith LM".^[12]

N America [edit]

Canada [edit]

In general, Canadian judges may be addressed directly, depending on the province, as "My Lord", "My Lady", "Your Honor" or "Justice" and are formally referred to in the third person every bit "The Honourable Mr. (or Madam) Justice 'Forename Surname'". Less formally, judges of a Superior Court are referred to every bit "Justice 'Surname'", not equally "Guess 'Surname.'" When referred to in a decision of a court, judges' titles are often abbreviated to the suffix "J.", so that Justice Smith will be referred to as Smith J. Judges in some superior courts are addressed equally "My Lord" or "My Lady".^[13] In Ontario, judges are rarely referred to as "My Lord" or "My Lady", but only every bit "Your Honour" at the Ontario Superior Court of Justice.^[xiv] Formerly, translations of these titles such as Votre Honneur ("your honour") or Votre Seigneurie ("your lordship") were used in French; today, but Monsieur le juge and Madame la juge are officially used. Both the titles "judge" and "justice" are translated juge.

By and large, it is just advisable to apply the term "judge" when speaking of an anonymous or general position, such as "the trial judge", or when referring to a member of an inferior or provincial court such as the Ontario Court of Justice. The exception is Citizenship Judges who are referred to only as "Gauge 'Surname'" in accord with their appointment every bit contained conclusion makers of the Citizenship Commission.

Like other members of the Commonwealth, a justice of the peace is addressed as "Your Worship", and a Principal of a Superior Courtroom is referred to every bit "Master". Every bit of December 7, 2018, Ontario Court Masters are addressed in English every bit "Your Honour" and in French as "Votre Honneur" and no longer as "Master".

United States [edit]

In many states throughout the United states of america, a approximate is addressed as "Your Laurels" or "Estimate" when presiding over the court. "Estimate" may exist more commonly used by attorneys and staff, while either may be unremarkably used by the plaintiff or defendant. Notably, the Superior Courtroom of Los Angeles Canton, the largest unified trial court in the United States, has a rule that the judge shall be addressed only as "Your Honor" while in court, and never equally "Judge", "Judge (proper name)", "ma'am", or "sir".^[15] This is somewhat unusual every bit "Guess" and "Judge (name)" or like forms of accost are considered appropriate and respectful in many other courts.

The judges of the Supreme Court of the U.s.a., and the judges of the supreme courts of several US states and other countries are called "justices". Justices of the Supreme Courtroom of the United States and Justices of other courts are addressed as "Justice (proper name)". The Primary Justice of the Usa is formally addressed as "Mr. or Madam Main Justice" just also may exist identified and addressed equally "Primary Justice (name)".

The justices of the supreme courts normally concur higher offices than any other judges in a jurisdiction, including a justice of the peace, a judge who holds police courtroom in some jurisdictions and who may also effort small claims and misdemeanors. Still, the Country of New York inverts this usual club. The initial trial court in this state is called the Supreme Court of New York, and its judges are called "justices". The next highest appellate court is the Supreme Court, Appellate Partition, whose judges are also called "justices". However, the highest court in New York is called the New York Court of Appeals, whose members are called "judges".

Judges in certain jurisdictions, such as New York and New Bailiwick of jersey, who bargain with guardianships, trusts and estates are known as "surrogates".

A senior judge, in US practice, is a retired judge who handles selected cases for a governmental entity while in retirement, on a part-time footing.

Subordinate or inferior jurisdiction judges in US legal practice are sometimes called magistrates, although in the federal court of the United States, they are called magistrate judges. Subordinate judges in US legal do who are appointed on a case-by-case ground, specially in cases where a great bargain of detailed and tedious evidence must be reviewed, are oft called "masters" or "special masters" and have authority in a particular instance often adamant on a case-by-case basis.

Judges of courts of specialized jurisdiction (such equally defalcation courts or juvenile courts) were sometimes known officially as "referees", but the use of this title is in decline. Judges sitting in courts of equity in mutual law systems (such as judges in the equity courts of Delaware) are chosen "chancellors".

Individuals with judicial responsibilities who report to an executive branch official, rather than beingness a role of the judiciary, are often called "administrative law judges" in US do. They were previously known as hearing examiners. They usually make initial determinations regarding matters such equally workers' compensation, eligibility for government benefits, regulatory matters, and immigration determinations.

Judges who derive their say-so from a contractual agreement of the parties to a dispute, rather than a governmental body, are called arbitrators. They typically practise not receive the honorific forms of address nor practice they bear the symbolic trappings of a publicly appointed approximate. However, it is at present common for many retired judges to serve as arbitrators, and they volition oftentimes write their names as if they were still judges, with the parenthetical "(Ret.)" for "Retired".

Different many ceremonious police force countries which take some courts on which panels of judges with virtually equal status composed of both legally trained professional judges and lay judges who lack legal training and are not career judges, the United States legal system (like most Anglo-American legal systems) makes a clear stardom between professional judges and laypeople involved in deciding a instance who are jurors who are role of a jury. Most just not all United states of america judges have professional credentials every bit lawyers. Non-lawyer judges in the The states are often elected, and are typically either justices of the peace or part-time judges in rural express jurisdiction courts. A not-lawyer guess typically has the aforementioned rights and responsibilities as a lawyer who is a estimate holding the same part and is addressed in the same manner.

Oceania [edit]

Commonwealth of australia [edit]

In Australia judges and, since 2007, magistrates, of all jurisdictions including the High Courtroom of Australia are now addressed every bit "Your Laurels". In legal contexts, they are referred to equally "His/Her Accolade" and "the Honourable Justice Surname" (for judges of superior courts) or "his/her Honour Judge Surname" (for inferior courts). Outside legal contexts, the formal terms of address are "Judge" (for puisne justices) or "Main Justice" (for principal justices).

The title for most puisne judges is "Justice", which is abbreviated in law reports to a postnominal "J", in the form "Surname J". Primary Justices of the Loftier Court and of state Supreme Courts are titled "Chief Justice", which is abbreviated in law reports to a postnomial "CJ". Judges in Country Supreme Courts with a separate Court of Entreatment division (New S Wales, Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia) are referred to equally Justices/Judges of the Appeal (abbreviated "Surname JA"), while the President of the Court of Entreatment is referred to equally "President" (abbreviated "Surname P").^[xvi]

New Zealand [edit]

In New Zealand, judges of the District Court of New Zealand mostly referred to every bit "His/Her Laurels" or "Sir/Madame". Judges from the High Court, Appeals Court, and Supreme Court are referred to as "Justice [Surname]". In social settings, information technology is appropriate to use "Judge" in all cases.^[17]

South America [edit]

Brazil [edit]

In Brazil, judges are merely chosen "Juiz" or "Juíza" (male and female forms of "judge") and traditionally addressed to as "Vossa Excelência" (lit. 'Your Excellency', translated as 'Your Honor') or "Meritíssimo" ('Honorable', merely it is used as a pronoun also translated every bit 'Your Honour'). Judges that are role of a console in a State Court, or Federal Court are chosen "desembargadores". Judges sitting in the higher courts (Supremo Tribunal Federal, Superior Tribunal de Justiça, Tribunal Superior practise Trabalho, Superior Tribunal Militar and Tribunal Superior Eleitoral) are called "ministro" or "ministra" (male person and female forms of "minister") and also referred to as "Vossa Excelência".

International courts [edit]

At the International Court of Justice, judges may exist addressed by the titles they received in their countries of origin.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Judges of the International Criminal Court are referred to as "guess".^{[ citation needed ]}

Biblical and Israeli judges [edit]

The biblical Book of Judges revolves around a succession of leaders who were known every bit "judges" (Hebrew shoftim שופטים) but who – aside from their judicial function – were also tribal war leaders. The leaders of Ancient Carthage were designated with this title equally well. The aforementioned discussion is, however, used in contemporary Israel to announce judges whose office and say-so is similar to that in other modern countries. The same word is as well used in modern Hebrew for referees in whatever kind of contest and in particular in sport. To distinguish them from judicial judges and from each other, the kind of the contest is added after the give-and-take "shofet" in the Construct state (e.g. "shofet kaduregel" שופט כדורגל, literally "estimate of soccer").

References [edit]

^ ^a ^b "What Does Information technology Take to Exist a Judge? Chore Description and Career Profile". thebalance.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
^ "Judicial Compensation". The states Courts . Retrieved 2018-08-xx .
^ "Hosted.ap.org". Archived from the original on 2021-04-28. Retrieved 2007-07-12 .
^ Корнажер, П. – "Съдебна реторика. Избрани съдебни речи", ИК Софи-Р, С., 2000, с. 77
^ "Oikeustiede:oikeudenkäyntirituaalit/laajempi kuvaus – Tieteen termipankki". tieteentermipankki.fi. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved xviii March 2018.
^ Ireland, Courts Service of. "Rules and Fees: Mode of address : Court Rules : Courts Service of Republic of ireland". www.courts.ie.
^ "Ce ai voie sa faci si ce nu la tribunal". MAGNA GRATIA - Literatură creștină de calitate. Totul gratuit.
^ ^a ^b "Criminal Procedure Code of Russia, Article 257. Regulations of the court session". Consultant.ru. Archived from the original on 2013-01-23. Retrieved 2013-06-eleven .
^ "Civil Procedure Code of Russia, Commodity 158. Procedure of the court session". Consultant.ru. Archived from the original on 2013-07-08. Retrieved 2013-06-11 .
^ "Arbitral Procedure Code of Russia, Article 154. Procedure of the court session". Consultant.ru. Archived from the original on 2013-05-12. Retrieved 2013-06-xi .
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-07. Retrieved 2010-12-14 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as championship (link)
^ "A Guide to Judicial Careers in Northern Ireland" (PDF). Northern Ireland Judicial Appointments Commission. April 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-18.
^ "Albertacourts.ab.ca". Albertacourts.ab.ca. Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2013-06-11 .
^ "Ontario Justice Education Network Handout: The Jurisdiction of Ontario Courts" (PDF). Ontario Justice Teaching Network. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-28. Retrieved 2016-02-23 .
^ Dominion three.95, Los Angeles Superior Courtroom Rules.
^ New South Wales Supreme Courtroom, Addressing Judicial Officers Archived 2013-08-18 at the Wayback Machine
^ "New Zealand Law Society". world wide web.lawsociety.org.nz. Archived from the original on 2017-03-01. Retrieved 2017-03-01 .

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Judges.

Await up judge in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Judges

Land of California Commission of Judicial Performance
CEPEJ European commission for the efficiency of justice.
CCJE European consultative council of judges.
How sentencing works: You lot exist the Guess
Directgov Crown Court – what information technology does (Directgov, England and Wales)

spearsaftely1985.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge